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The interplay of exercise and music have been long-discussed, crossing the disciplines of biomechanics, neurology, physiology and sport psychology. People "automatically feel the beat" of the music they listen to and instinctively adjust their walking pace and heart rate to the tempo of the music . Listening to music while exercising has been found in multiple studies to create an increased sense of motivation, distracting the mind while increasing heart rate. Faster tempo music has been found by researchers to motivate exercisers to work harder when performing at a moderate pace, but peak performance has been found to be unaffected by listening to music.〔Reynolds, Gretchen. ("Phys Ed: Does Music Make You Exercise Harder?" ), ''The New York Times'', August 25, 2010. Accessed August 26, 2010.〕 In a study published in 2009, researchers at the Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences at Liverpool John Moores University had 12 subjects ride a stationary bicycle at a pace that they could sustain for 30 minutes while listening to a song of the subject's choice. In successive trials, they rode the bikes again, with the tempo of the music variously increased or decreased by 10%, without the subject's knowledge. The researchers found that the riders heart rate and mileage decreased when the tempo was slowed, while they rode a greater distance, increased their heart rate and enjoyed the music more at the faster tempo. Though the participants thought their workout was harder at the more upbeat tempo, the researchers found that when the faster-paced music was heard while exercising "the participants chose to accept, and even prefer, a greater degree of effort".〔Waterhouse J, Hudson P, Edwards B. "Effects of music tempo upon submaximal cycling performance.", Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010 Aug;20(4):662-9. PMID 19793214 〕 Scientists at the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse found in a 2003 study that participants who chose to listen to faster-paced music generated a higher heart rate, pedaled harder and generated more power, increasing their level of work by as much as 15% by diverting their focus to the music. The study tested 20 volunteers who listened to an MP3 player loaded with a mix of 13 songs that they selected and then rode an exercise bike for an hour at a pace and gear of their choice. The study found that heart rates rose from 133 to 146 beats per minute and power output increased accordingly, when listening to the tempo-less sound of crashing waves versus music with a medium to fast tempo.〔Fauber, John via ''Milwaukee Journal Sentinel''. ("Workout with a tempo: Choice of music can affect exercise intensity" ), ''The Free Lance–Star'', November 9, 2003. Accessed August 26, 2010.〕〔Staff. ("Upbeat Music Boosts Exercise Intensity" ), Medical News Today, October 20, 2003. Accessed August 26, 2010.〕 A 2004 study by a research team from Australia, Israel and the United States found that runners performing at a pace where they were at 90% of their peak oxygen uptake enjoyed listening to music, but that the music had no effect on their heart rate or running pace, regardless of the music's tempo.〔〔Tenenbaum, G.; Lidor, R.; Lavyan, N.; Morrow, K.; Tonnel, S.; Gershgoren, A.; Meis, J.; and Johnson, M. "The effect of music type on running perseverance and coping with effort sensations", ''Psychology of Sport and Exercise'' Volume 5, Issue 2, April 2004, Pages 89-109. 〕 Generally, studies suggest that athletes use music in purposeful ways in order to facilitate their training and performance. In one study, seventy elite Swedish athletes were given a questionnaire relating the empirical motives for listening to music. The results showed that athletes most often listened to music during pre-event, pre-training sessions, and warm-ups. The reasons why athletes reportedly listened to music were because they felt that it increased activation, positive affect, motivation, performance levels, and flow.〔Laukka, Petric, and Lina Quick. "Emotional and Motivational Uses of Music in Sports and Exercise: A Questionnaire Study among Athletes." Psychology of Music 41 (2011): 198-215. Print.〕 There are also types workout music using brainwave entrainment that claims to boost performance.〔(Fit Catalyst - Workout Brainwave Entrainment ) 〕 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Exercise and music」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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